
# Note: Additional requirements might be needed to install for lightgbm


# !pip3 install lightgbm
# !pip3 install matplotlib
# !pip3 install numpy
# !pip3 install pandas
# !pip3 install plotly
# !pip3 install scikit-learn
# !pip3 install seaborn
# !pip3 install xgboost


# Python Libraries
from typing import Any, Dict, List, Tuple

# Third-Party Libraries
import lightgbm as lgb
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import numpy as np
import pandas as pd
import plotly.express as px
import plotly.graph_objects as go
import seaborn as sns
import xgboost as xgb
from sklearn.ensemble import RandomForestClassifier
from sklearn.linear_model import LogisticRegression
from sklearn.metrics import (
    accuracy_score,
    auc,
    confusion_matrix,
    ConfusionMatrixDisplay,
    f1_score,
    make_scorer,
    precision_score,
    recall_score,
    roc_curve,
    roc_auc_score,
)
from sklearn.model_selection import GridSearchCV, train_test_split
from sklearn.preprocessing import LabelEncoder
from sklearn.tree import DecisionTreeClassifier
from tqdm import tqdm


df = pd.read_excel("credit_loan_data.xlsx", sheet_name="data")


df.head()


df.tail()


df.info()

<class 'pandas.core.frame.DataFrame'>
RangeIndex: 41029 entries, 0 to 41028
Data columns (total 78 columns):
 #   Column                          Non-Null Count  Dtype         
---  ------                          --------------  -----         
 0   borrower_id                     41029 non-null  float64       
 1   loan_amnt                       41006 non-null  float64       
 2   term                            41029 non-null  object        
 3   emp_title                       36311 non-null  object        
 4   emp_length                      36628 non-null  object        
 5   home_ownership                  41029 non-null  object        
 6   annual_inc                      41029 non-null  float64       
 7   outcome                         41029 non-null  object        
 8   purpose                         41029 non-null  object        
 9   addr_state                      41029 non-null  object        
 10  dti                             41029 non-null  float64       
 11  delinq_2yrs                     41029 non-null  float64       
 12  earliest_cr_line                41029 non-null  datetime64[ns]
 13  inq_last_6mths                  41029 non-null  float64       
 14  mths_since_last_delinq          19875 non-null  float64       
 15  mths_since_last_record          6816 non-null   float64       
 16  open_acc                        41029 non-null  float64       
 17  pub_rec                         41029 non-null  float64       
 18  revol_bal                       41029 non-null  float64       
 19  revol_util                      41005 non-null  float64       
 20  total_acc                       41029 non-null  float64       
 21  collections_12_mths_ex_med      41029 non-null  float64       
 22  mths_since_last_major_derog     10651 non-null  float64       
 23  acc_now_delinq                  41029 non-null  float64       
 24  tot_coll_amt                    38625 non-null  float64       
 25  tot_cur_bal                     38625 non-null  float64       
 26  open_acc_6m                     13351 non-null  float64       
 27  open_act_il                     13351 non-null  float64       
 28  open_il_12m                     13351 non-null  float64       
 29  open_il_24m                     13351 non-null  float64       
 30  mths_since_rcnt_il              13015 non-null  float64       
 31  total_bal_il                    13351 non-null  float64       
 32  il_util                         11674 non-null  float64       
 33  open_rv_12m                     13351 non-null  float64       
 34  open_rv_24m                     13351 non-null  float64       
 35  max_bal_bc                      13351 non-null  float64       
 36  all_util                        13349 non-null  float64       
 37  total_rev_hi_lim                38625 non-null  float64       
 38  inq_fi                          13351 non-null  float64       
 39  total_cu_tl                     13351 non-null  float64       
 40  inq_last_12m                    13351 non-null  float64       
 41  acc_open_past_24mths            39380 non-null  float64       
 42  avg_cur_bal                     38625 non-null  float64       
 43  bc_open_to_buy                  38930 non-null  float64       
 44  bc_util                         38902 non-null  float64       
 45  chargeoff_within_12_mths        41029 non-null  float64       
 46  delinq_amnt                     41029 non-null  float64       
 47  mo_sin_old_il_acct              37334 non-null  float64       
 48  mo_sin_old_rev_tl_op            38625 non-null  float64       
 49  mo_sin_rcnt_rev_tl_op           38625 non-null  float64       
 50  mo_sin_rcnt_tl                  38625 non-null  float64       
 51  mort_acc                        39380 non-null  float64       
 52  mths_since_recent_bc            38960 non-null  float64       
 53  mths_since_recent_bc_dlq        9455 non-null   float64       
 54  mths_since_recent_inq           35686 non-null  float64       
 55  mths_since_recent_revol_delinq  13256 non-null  float64       
 56  num_accts_ever_120_pd           38625 non-null  float64       
 57  num_actv_bc_tl                  38625 non-null  float64       
 58  num_actv_rev_tl                 38625 non-null  float64       
 59  num_bc_sats                     39072 non-null  float64       
 60  num_bc_tl                       38625 non-null  float64       
 61  num_il_tl                       38625 non-null  float64       
 62  num_op_rev_tl                   38625 non-null  float64       
 63  num_rev_accts                   38625 non-null  float64       
 64  num_rev_tl_bal_gt_0             38625 non-null  float64       
 65  num_sats                        39072 non-null  float64       
 66  num_tl_120dpd_2m                36152 non-null  float64       
 67  num_tl_30dpd                    38625 non-null  float64       
 68  num_tl_90g_dpd_24m              38625 non-null  float64       
 69  num_tl_op_past_12m              38625 non-null  float64       
 70  pct_tl_nvr_dlq                  38619 non-null  float64       
 71  percent_bc_gt_75                38919 non-null  float64       
 72  pub_rec_bankruptcies            41028 non-null  float64       
 73  tax_liens                       41029 non-null  float64       
 74  tot_hi_cred_lim                 38625 non-null  float64       
 75  total_bal_ex_mort               39380 non-null  float64       
 76  total_bc_limit                  39380 non-null  float64       
 77  total_il_high_credit_limit      38625 non-null  float64       
dtypes: datetime64[ns](1), float64(70), object(7)
memory usage: 24.4+ MB


# Removing 'months' from "term" column

"""
The data is split because months is a constant term
and it will not add any value to machine learning models
"""

df["term"] = df["term"].str.split().str[0]
df['term'] = pd.to_numeric(df['term'], errors='coerce').astype('Int64')


# Changing dtypes

data_types = {
    "mths_since_last_delinq": "Int64",
    "mths_since_last_record": "Int64",
    "mths_since_last_major_derog": "Int64",
    "open_acc_6m": "Int64",
    "open_act_il": "Int64",
    "open_il_12m": "Int64",
    "open_il_24m": "Int64",
    "mths_since_rcnt_il": "Int64",
    "open_rv_12m": "Int64",
    "open_rv_24m": "Int64",
    "inq_fi": "Int64",
    "total_cu_tl": "Int64",
    "inq_last_12m": "Int64",
    "acc_open_past_24mths": "Int64",
    "delinq_amnt": "float64",
    "mo_sin_old_il_acct": "Int64",
    "mo_sin_old_rev_tl_op": "Int64",
    "mo_sin_rcnt_rev_tl_op": "Int64",
    "mo_sin_rcnt_tl": "Int64",
    "mort_acc": "Int64",
    "mths_since_recent_bc": "Int64",
    "mths_since_recent_bc_dlq": "Int64",
    "mths_since_recent_inq": "Int64",
    "mths_since_recent_revol_delinq": "Int64",
    "num_accts_ever_120_pd": "Int64",
    "num_actv_bc_tl": "Int64",
    "num_actv_rev_tl": "Int64",
    "num_bc_sats": "Int64",
    "num_bc_tl": "Int64",
    "num_il_tl": "Int64",
    "num_op_rev_tl": "Int64",
    "num_rev_accts": "Int64",
    "num_rev_tl_bal_gt_0": "Int64",
    "num_sats": "Int64",
    "num_tl_120dpd_2m": "Int64",
    "num_tl_30dpd": "Int64",
    "num_tl_90g_dpd_24m": "Int64",
    "num_tl_op_past_12m": "Int64",
    "pub_rec_bankruptcies": "Int64",
}


df = df.astype(data_types)


df.describe()


# Counting duplicate rows
num_of_duplicate_rows = df.duplicated().sum()
num_of_duplicate_rows

29


# Showing count of null values
df.isnull().sum()

borrower_id                      0
loan_amnt                       23
term                             0
emp_title                     4718
emp_length                    4401
                              ... 
tax_liens                        0
tot_hi_cred_lim               2404
total_bal_ex_mort             1649
total_bc_limit                1649
total_il_high_credit_limit    2404
Length: 78, dtype: int64


# Null values in each column in terms of %

total_rows = len(df)

column_null_perc = {}

for each_column in df.columns:
    percentage_null = (df[each_column].isnull().sum() / total_rows) * 100
    column_null_perc.update({each_column: percentage_null})

# Sort the dict, round to 3 decimal places and remove entries with no null values
sorted_column_null = {
    k: round(v, 3)
    for k, v in sorted(column_null_perc.items(), key=lambda item: item[1], reverse=True)
    if v != 0
}

sorted_column_null

{'mths_since_last_record': 83.387,
 'mths_since_recent_bc_dlq': 76.955,
 'mths_since_last_major_derog': 74.04,
 'il_util': 71.547,
 'mths_since_rcnt_il': 68.279,
 'mths_since_recent_revol_delinq': 67.691,
 'all_util': 67.464,
 'open_acc_6m': 67.46,
 'open_act_il': 67.46,
 'open_il_12m': 67.46,
 'open_il_24m': 67.46,
 'total_bal_il': 67.46,
 'open_rv_12m': 67.46,
 'open_rv_24m': 67.46,
 'max_bal_bc': 67.46,
 'inq_fi': 67.46,
 'total_cu_tl': 67.46,
 'inq_last_12m': 67.46,
 'mths_since_last_delinq': 51.559,
 'mths_since_recent_inq': 13.022,
 'num_tl_120dpd_2m': 11.887,
 'emp_title': 11.499,
 'emp_length': 10.727,
 'mo_sin_old_il_acct': 9.006,
 'pct_tl_nvr_dlq': 5.874,
 'tot_coll_amt': 5.859,
 'tot_cur_bal': 5.859,
 'total_rev_hi_lim': 5.859,
 'avg_cur_bal': 5.859,
 'mo_sin_old_rev_tl_op': 5.859,
 'mo_sin_rcnt_rev_tl_op': 5.859,
 'mo_sin_rcnt_tl': 5.859,
 'num_accts_ever_120_pd': 5.859,
 'num_actv_bc_tl': 5.859,
 'num_actv_rev_tl': 5.859,
 'num_bc_tl': 5.859,
 'num_il_tl': 5.859,
 'num_op_rev_tl': 5.859,
 'num_rev_accts': 5.859,
 'num_rev_tl_bal_gt_0': 5.859,
 'num_tl_30dpd': 5.859,
 'num_tl_90g_dpd_24m': 5.859,
 'num_tl_op_past_12m': 5.859,
 'tot_hi_cred_lim': 5.859,
 'total_il_high_credit_limit': 5.859,
 'bc_util': 5.184,
 'percent_bc_gt_75': 5.143,
 'bc_open_to_buy': 5.116,
 'mths_since_recent_bc': 5.043,
 'num_bc_sats': 4.77,
 'num_sats': 4.77,
 'acc_open_past_24mths': 4.019,
 'mort_acc': 4.019,
 'total_bal_ex_mort': 4.019,
 'total_bc_limit': 4.019,
 'revol_util': 0.058,
 'loan_amnt': 0.056,
 'pub_rec_bankruptcies': 0.002}


# 'Outcome' data
df["outcome"].value_counts()

# The output data is imbalanced

Fully Paid    40029
Defaulted      1000
Name: outcome, dtype: int64


# Obtaining labels and values of each column

def labels_and_values_of_column(column, df_term_column=False):
    labels = column.value_counts().index.tolist()
    if df_term_column:
        values = column.value_counts().values.to_numpy().tolist()
    else:
        values = column.value_counts().values.tolist()
    return labels, values


# 'Outcome' Bar Chart

labels, values = labels_and_values_of_column(df["outcome"])

# Define colors
colors = ["#2ca02c" if name == "Fully Paid" else "#d62728" for name in labels]

# Create the bar chart
fig = go.Figure(
    [
        go.Bar(
            x=labels,
            y=values,
            text=values,
            textposition="outside",
            marker_color=colors,
        )
    ]
)

fig.update_layout(
    title="Target Variable 'Outcome' Bar chart",
    xaxis_title="Loan Repayment",
    yaxis_title="Total Count",
    title_x=0.5,
)

# Show the plot
fig.show()


# Distribution and Box Plot of loan_amnt

# Style of the plot
sns.set(style="whitegrid")

# Create a figure with two subplots
fig, axes = plt.subplots(1, 2, figsize=(14, 6))

# Plot the violin plot on the first subplot
sns.violinplot(x=df["loan_amnt"], color="#FFE993", inner="point", ax=axes[0])
axes[0].set_title("Distribution of Loan Amount")
axes[0].set_xlabel("Loan Amount")
axes[0].set_ylabel("Density")

# Plot the box plot on the second subplot
sns.boxplot(x=df["loan_amnt"], color="skyblue", ax=axes[1])
axes[1].set_title("Box Plot of Loan Amount")
axes[1].set_xlabel("Loan Amount")
axes[1].set_ylabel("")

# Adjust the layout
plt.tight_layout()

# Show the plot
plt.show()


# Bar chart of null values in terms of %

fig = go.Figure(
    [go.Bar(x=list(sorted_column_null.keys()), y=list(sorted_column_null.values()))]
)

fig.update_layout(
    title="Null % Values for Each Column",
    xaxis_title="Variables",
    yaxis_title="Null Percentage (%)",
    title_x=0.5,
)
fig.show()


# The month the earliest credit line was opened

earliest_cr_month = df["earliest_cr_line"].dt.month

labels, values = labels_and_values_of_column(earliest_cr_month)

# fig = go.Figure([go.Bar(x=labels, y=values)])
fig = go.Figure(
    [
        go.Bar(
            x=labels,
            y=values,
            text=values,
            marker=dict(color="lightblue", line=dict(color="black", width=1.5)),
        )
    ]
)

fig.update_layout(
    title="Monthly Total of Earliest Credit Line Opened Between 1961 And 2014",
    xaxis_title="Month",
    yaxis_title="Total Count",
    title_x=0.5,
)
fig.show()


# The earliest credit line was opened in terms of year

earliest_cr_year = df["earliest_cr_line"].dt.year

labels, values = labels_and_values_of_column(earliest_cr_year)

fig = go.Figure(
    [
        go.Bar(
            x=labels,
            y=values,
            marker=dict(color="indianred", line=dict(color="black", width=0.5)),
        )
    ]
)
fig.update_layout(
    title="Yearly Earliest Credit Line Opened",
    xaxis_title="Year",
    yaxis_title="Total Count",
    title_x=0.5,
)

fig.show()


# 'home_ownership' Pie Chart

labels, values = labels_and_values_of_column(df["home_ownership"])

fig = go.Figure(
    data=[
        go.Pie(
            labels=labels,
            values=values,
            textinfo="label+percent",
            insidetextorientation="radial",
        )
    ]
)
fig.update_layout(title_text="Home Ownership Type (%)", title_x=0.5)
fig.show()


# 'purpose' Pie Chart

labels, values = labels_and_values_of_column(df["purpose"])

fig = go.Figure(data=[go.Pie(labels=labels, values=values)])
fig.update_layout(title_text="Purpose of Loan (%)", title_x=0.5)
fig.show()


# 'addr_state' Bar Chart

labels, values = labels_and_values_of_column(df["addr_state"])

# Define colors
highlight_color = "orange"
normal_color = "lightblue"

# Assigning color to each state based on position
marker_colors = [
    highlight_color if idx < 4 else normal_color for idx in range(len(labels))
]

# Bar chart
fig = go.Figure([go.Bar(x=labels, y=values, marker_color=marker_colors)])
fig.update_layout(
    title="Home State", xaxis_title="State", yaxis_title="Count", title_x=0.5
)
fig.show()


# Top 5 Professions - emp_title column

labels, values = labels_and_values_of_column(df["addr_state"])

colors = ["blue", "green", "orange", "red", "purple"]

fig = go.Figure([go.Bar(x=labels[:5], y=values[:5], marker_color=colors)])
fig.update_layout(
    title="Top 5 Professions",
    xaxis_title="Professions",
    yaxis_title="Count",
    title_x=0.5,
)
fig.show()


# 'term' pie chart

labels, values = labels_and_values_of_column(df["term"], df_term_column=True)

fig = go.Figure(data=[go.Pie(labels=labels, values=values)])
fig.update_layout(title_text="Loan Terms (%) - 60 Months vs 36 Months", title_x=0.5)
fig.show()


# Employment length

labels, values = labels_and_values_of_column(df["emp_length"])

colors = [
    "lightslategray",
] * len(labels)
colors[0] = "crimson"

fig = go.Figure([go.Bar(x=labels, y=values, marker_color=colors)])
fig.update_layout(
    title="Employment length", xaxis_title="Years", yaxis_title="Count", title_x=0.5
)
fig.show()


def plot_histograms(columns_per_row: int, cols: List[str], chart_width: int):

    # Calculate the total number of rows needed
    total_rows = (len(cols) + columns_per_row - 1) // columns_per_row

    # Create subplots
    fig, axes = plt.subplots(
        total_rows, columns_per_row, figsize=(chart_width, 5 * total_rows)
    )

    # Flatten the axes array to simplify indexing
    axes = axes.flatten()

    # Plot histograms for each column
    for i, column in enumerate(cols):
        ax = axes[i]
        data = df[column].dropna()
        ax.hist(data, bins=20, color="skyblue", edgecolor="black")
        ax.set_title(f"Distribution of {column}")
        ax.set_xlabel("Value")
        ax.set_ylabel("Frequency")

    # Hide empty subplots if necessary
    if len(cols) < total_rows * columns_per_row:
        for j in range(len(cols), total_rows * columns_per_row):
            fig.delaxes(axes[j])

    # Adjust layout
    plt.tight_layout()

    return plt.show()


# Plot histograms for float dtypes

float_columns = df.select_dtypes(include="float").columns

plot_histograms(columns_per_row=3, cols=float_columns, chart_width=15)


# Looking at the Distribution of int columns that had null values

# Select columns with integer dtype
int_columns = df.select_dtypes(include="integer")

# Get columns with null values
columns_with_null = int_columns.columns[df[int_columns.columns].isnull().any()].tolist()

plot_histograms(columns_per_row=4, cols=columns_with_null, chart_width=20)


# stacked bar chart on term vs outcome

term_stacked = df.groupby(["outcome", "term"]).size()

x = [i[1] for i in term_stacked.index][:2]

trace1 = go.Bar(x=x, y=term_stacked.values[0:2], name="Defaulted")
trace2 = go.Bar(x=x, y=term_stacked.values[2:4], name="Fully Paid")

layout = go.Layout(
    barmode="stack",
    title={
        "text": "Relationship Between Term and Loan Repayments",
        "y": 0.9,
        "x": 0.5,
        "xanchor": "center",
        "yanchor": "top",
    },
    xaxis=dict(title="Term", type="category"),
    yaxis={"title": "Total Count"},
)

fig = go.Figure(data=[trace1, trace2], layout=layout)
fig.show()


# Relationship Between House Ownership and Loan Repayments

home_ownership_grouped = df.groupby(["outcome", "home_ownership"]).size()

x = [i[1] for i in home_ownership_grouped.index][:4]

t1 = go.Scatter(
    x=x,
    y=home_ownership_grouped.values[0:4],
    name="Defaulted",
    line=dict(color="#33CFA5"),
)

t2 = go.Scatter(
    x=x,
    y=home_ownership_grouped.values[4:8],
    name="Fully Paid",
    line=dict(color="#ffbf00"),
)

layout = go.Layout(
    title={
        "text": "Relationship Between Home Ownership and Loan Repayments",
        "x": 0.5,
        "y": 0.9,
        "xanchor": "center",
        "yanchor": "top",
    },
    xaxis=dict(title="Home Ownership", type="category"),
    yaxis={"title": "Total Count"},
)

fig = go.Figure(data=[t1, t2], layout=layout)

fig.show()


# Style of the plot
sns.set(style="whitegrid")

# Create a violin plot for home ownership
plt.figure(figsize=(10, 6))
sns.violinplot(x="home_ownership", y="loan_amnt", data=df, palette="husl")
plt.title("Loan Amount Distribution by Home Ownership")
plt.xlabel("Home Ownership")
plt.ylabel("Loan Amount (USD)")
plt.show()


# Relationship between Loan Amount vs. Purpose vs. Outcome

# Filter data for repaid and defaulted loans
fuly_paid_loans = df[df["outcome"] == "Fully Paid"]
defaulted_loans = df[df["outcome"] == "Defaulted"]

# Concatenate repaid and defaulted loans
all_loans = pd.concat([fuly_paid_loans, defaulted_loans])

# Create the box plot
fig = px.box(
    all_loans,
    x="purpose",
    y="loan_amnt",
    color="outcome",
    title="Box Plot of Loan Amount vs. Purpose vs. Outcome",
)
fig.update_xaxes(title="Purpose")
fig.update_yaxes(title="Loan Amount (USD)")
fig.show()


# Correlation Matrix for pairs equal to or over 75%

numeric_columns = df.select_dtypes(include=["int", "float"])

corr_matrix = numeric_columns.corr()

# Set the threshold for high correlation
threshold = 0.75

# Iterate through the correlation matrix to find highly correlated pairs
highly_correlated_pairs = []
for i in range(len(corr_matrix.columns)):
    for j in range(i + 1, len(corr_matrix.columns)):
        if abs(corr_matrix.iloc[i, j]) >= threshold:
            pair = (
                corr_matrix.columns[i],
                corr_matrix.columns[j],
                corr_matrix.iloc[i, j],
            )
            highly_correlated_pairs.append(pair)

# Print the highly correlated pairs
print(f"Highly correlated pairs with correlation coefficient >= {threshold}:")
for pair in highly_correlated_pairs:
    print(f"{pair[0]} - {pair[1]}: {round(pair[2], 4)}")

Highly correlated pairs with correlation coefficient >= 0.75:
mths_since_last_delinq - mths_since_recent_bc_dlq: 0.7624
mths_since_last_delinq - mths_since_recent_revol_delinq: 0.8603
open_acc - num_op_rev_tl: 0.8518
open_acc - num_sats: 0.9983
revol_bal - total_rev_hi_lim: 0.8754
revol_util - bc_util: 0.852
total_acc - num_rev_accts: 0.7743
tot_cur_bal - avg_cur_bal: 0.8271
tot_cur_bal - tot_hi_cred_lim: 0.9883
open_il_12m - open_il_24m: 0.7658
total_bal_il - total_bal_ex_mort: 0.8744
total_bal_il - total_il_high_credit_limit: 0.9612
open_rv_12m - open_rv_24m: 0.8213
open_rv_12m - num_tl_op_past_12m: 0.8618
open_rv_24m - acc_open_past_24mths: 0.8514
total_rev_hi_lim - total_bc_limit: 0.755
acc_open_past_24mths - num_tl_op_past_12m: 0.8011
avg_cur_bal - tot_hi_cred_lim: 0.7987
bc_open_to_buy - total_bc_limit: 0.7863
bc_util - percent_bc_gt_75: 0.8495
mths_since_recent_bc_dlq - mths_since_recent_revol_delinq: 0.8849
num_actv_bc_tl - num_actv_rev_tl: 0.8175
num_actv_bc_tl - num_bc_sats: 0.8312
num_actv_bc_tl - num_rev_tl_bal_gt_0: 0.8031
num_actv_rev_tl - num_op_rev_tl: 0.7989
num_actv_rev_tl - num_rev_tl_bal_gt_0: 0.9701
num_bc_tl - num_rev_accts: 0.8426
num_op_rev_tl - num_rev_accts: 0.7708
num_op_rev_tl - num_rev_tl_bal_gt_0: 0.8023
num_op_rev_tl - num_sats: 0.8511
total_bal_ex_mort - total_il_high_credit_limit: 0.849


# Heatmap of above correlation matrix

# Create a DataFrame
highly_correlated_df = pd.DataFrame(
    highly_correlated_pairs, columns=["Feature 1", "Feature 2", "Correlation"]
)

# Create a correlation matrix
corr_matrix_heatmap = highly_correlated_df.pivot(
    index="Feature 1", columns="Feature 2", values="Correlation"
)

# Create Heatmap
plt.figure(figsize=(10, 8))
sns.heatmap(
    corr_matrix_heatmap,
    annot=True,
    cmap="coolwarm",
    fmt=".2f",
    linewidths=0.5,
    linecolor="black",
)
plt.title(f"Highly Correlated Pairs (>= {int(threshold*100)}%)")
plt.xlabel("Features")
plt.ylabel("Features")
plt.show()


# Relationship between loan repayments and each state

# Calculate loan outcome proportions for each state
state_outcome_proportions = df.groupby(["addr_state", "outcome"]).size().unstack()
state_outcome_proportions["Total"] = state_outcome_proportions.sum(axis=1)
state_outcome_proportions["Defaulted"] = (
    state_outcome_proportions["Defaulted"] / state_outcome_proportions["Total"]
)
state_outcome_proportions["Fully Paid"] = (
    state_outcome_proportions["Fully Paid"] / state_outcome_proportions["Total"]
)

# Plot the bar chart
ax = state_outcome_proportions[["Defaulted", "Fully Paid"]].plot(
    kind="bar", stacked=True, figsize=(12, 6), color=["darkblue", "lightblue"]
)

# Set the title and labels
plt.title("Relationship between Loan Repayment and State")
plt.xlabel("USA State")
plt.ylabel("Proportion (%)")
plt.legend(title="Loan Repayment By State")

# Customize the y-axis ticks
ax.set_yticks([i / 10 for i in range(11)])

# Add a horizontal line
plt.axhline(y=0.05, color="r", linestyle="--")
plt.text(-0.5, 0.05, "5%", color="red", ha="right", va="center")

# Show the plot
plt.show()


# Scatter plot of revol_util vs loan amount

fig = px.scatter(
    df,
    x="loan_amnt",
    y="revol_util",
    color="outcome",
    title="Loan Amount (USD) vs. Revolving Line Utilization Rate (%)",
    labels={
        "loan_amnt": "Loan Amount (USD)",
        "revol_util": "Revolving Line Utilization Rate (%)",
    },
)
fig.update_layout(showlegend=True, title_x=0.5)
fig.show()


# Scatter plot of revol_util vs total high credit limit

fig = px.scatter(
    df,
    x="revol_util",
    y="tot_hi_cred_lim",
    color="outcome",
    title="Revolving Line Utilization Rate (%) vs. Total High Credit Limit (USD)",
    labels={
        "revol_util": "Revolving Line Utilization Rate (%)",
        "tot_hi_cred_lim": "Total High Credit Limit (USD)",
    },
)
fig.update_layout(showlegend=True, title_x=0.5)
fig.show()


# Scatter plot of Total current balance of all accounts vs total high credit limit

fig = px.scatter(
    df,
    x="tot_cur_bal",
    y="tot_coll_amt",
    color="outcome",
    title="Total Current Balance vs. Total Amount Owed",
    labels={
        "tot_cur_bal": "Total current balance of all accounts (USD)",
        "tot_coll_amt": "Total collection amounts ever owed (USD)",
    },
)
fig.update_layout(showlegend=True, title_x=0.5)
fig.show()


# Analysing "Credit History". The visuals are in the graph below.

"""
Getting a beter understanding of some variables such as
'delinq_2yrs', 'pub_rec', 'inq_last_6mths' will help in
getting insights about the credit history of individuals.
'"""

# Initialize an empty dictionary to store DataFrames
dfs = {}

# Iterate over the credit history fields
for field in ["delinq_2yrs", "pub_rec", "inq_last_6mths"]:
    # Group data by the credit history field and outcome
    grouped_data = df.groupby([field, "outcome"]).size().unstack()

    # Calculate the total for each row
    row_total = grouped_data.sum(axis=1)

    # Divide each value by the row total to get the percentage
    percentage_df = round(grouped_data.div(row_total, axis=0) * 100, 2)

    # Store the percentage DataFrame in the dictionary
    dfs[field] = percentage_df

# Concatenate the DataFrames into a single DataFrame
result_df = pd.concat(dfs, axis=1)

# Show the result DataFrame
print("Result DataFrame:")
result_df.head()

Result DataFrame:


# Chart of the above "Credit History" data

# Group data by credit history fields and loan outcome
grouped_data = df.groupby(["delinq_2yrs", "outcome"]).size().unstack()

# Plot stacked bar charts
fig, axes = plt.subplots(nrows=1, ncols=3, figsize=(15, 5))

for i, field in enumerate(["delinq_2yrs", "pub_rec", "inq_last_6mths"]):
    # Group data by the credit history field and outcome
    grouped_data = df.groupby([field, "outcome"]).size().unstack()

    # Plot the stacked bar chart
    grouped_data.plot(kind="bar", stacked=True, ax=axes[i])

    # Set title and labels
    axes[i].set_title(f"Distribution of {field} by Loan Outcome")
    axes[i].set_xlabel(field)
    axes[i].set_ylabel("Count")
    axes[i].legend(title="Loan Outcome")

plt.tight_layout()
plt.show()


# Drop duplicate rows but leave one
df.drop_duplicates(inplace=True)


# There are too many nunique() data points for emp_title -> 20348 counts. We will drop this for now.
cleaned_df = df.copy()
cleaned_df.drop(columns=["emp_title"], inplace=True)


# Replace spaces with underscore in columns

# emp_length
cleaned_df.emp_length = cleaned_df.emp_length.str.replace("<", "less_than")
cleaned_df.emp_length = cleaned_df.emp_length.str.replace(" ", "_")

# Outcome
cleaned_df.outcome = cleaned_df.outcome.str.replace(" ", "_")


# Applying Dummy Encoding
categorical_vars = cleaned_df.select_dtypes(include=["object"]).columns.tolist()

# Removing target variable
categorical_vars.remove("outcome")

cleaned_df = pd.get_dummies(cleaned_df, columns=categorical_vars)


# Converting datetime features
cleaned_df["earliest_cr_year"] = cleaned_df["earliest_cr_line"].dt.year
cleaned_df["earliest_cr_line"] = cleaned_df["earliest_cr_line"].dt.month


# Encoding 'outcome'

# Initialize LabelEncoder
label_encoder = LabelEncoder()

# Encode target variable
cleaned_df["outcome"] = label_encoder.fit_transform(df["outcome"])


def train_test_data(
    stratify,
    dataframe: pd.DataFrame,
    test_size: float = 0.3,
) -> Tuple[pd.DataFrame, pd.Series, pd.DataFrame, pd.Series]:

    X = dataframe.drop("outcome", axis=1)
    y = dataframe["outcome"]

    X_train, X_test, y_train, y_test = train_test_split(
        X, y, test_size=test_size, stratify=stratify, random_state=42
    )
    return X_train, X_test, y_train, y_test


def evaluate_performance(
    X_train: pd.DataFrame,
    X_test: pd.Series,
    y_train: pd.DataFrame,
    y_test: pd.Series,
    models: Dict[str, Any],
    decimal_places: int = 4,
) -> Tuple[Dict[str, Any], Dict[str, List[float]]]:

    results = {}
    roc_auc_results = {}

    for name, model in tqdm(models.items(), desc="Training Models"):
        model.fit(X_train, y_train)
        y_pred = model.predict(X_test)
        accuracy = accuracy_score(y_test, y_pred)
        precision = precision_score(y_test, y_pred)
        recall = recall_score(y_test, y_pred)
        f1 = f1_score(y_test, y_pred)
        roc_auc = roc_auc_score(y_test, model.predict_proba(X_test)[:, 1])
        cm = confusion_matrix(y_test, y_pred)
        fpr, tpr, thresholds = roc_curve(
            y_test, model.predict_proba(X_test)[:, 1]
        )

        results[name] = {
            "Accuracy": round(accuracy, decimal_places),
            "Precision": round(precision, decimal_places),
            "Recall": round(recall, decimal_places),
            "F1 Score": round(f1, decimal_places),
            "ROC-AUC Score": round(roc_auc, decimal_places),
            "Confusion Matrix": cm,
        }

        roc_auc_results[name] = {
            "FPR": fpr.tolist(),
            "TPR": tpr.tolist(),
            "Thresholds": thresholds.tolist(),
        }
    return results, roc_auc_results


def get_ml_results(
    dataframe: pd.DataFrame, models: Dict[str, Any], stratify=None
) -> Tuple[pd.DataFrame, Dict[str, Dict[str, List[float]]]]:

    X_train, X_test, y_train, y_test = train_test_data(stratify, dataframe)

    results, roc_auc_results = evaluate_performance(
        X_train, X_test, y_train, y_test, models
    )

    df_results = pd.DataFrame(results).T.reset_index().rename(
        columns={"index": "Model"}
    )
    print("Performance Metrics:")
    return df_results, roc_auc_results


def plot_confusion_matrix(dataframe_results):
    confusion_matrices = dataframe_results["Confusion Matrix"].values
    model_names = dataframe_results.index.tolist()

    num_matrices = len(confusion_matrices)
    fig, axes = plt.subplots(
        1, max(num_matrices, 1), figsize=(max(num_matrices, 1) * 5, 5)
    )

    # Ensure axes is iterable for a single matrix case
    if num_matrices == 1:
        axes = np.array([axes])

    labels = ['TN', 'FP', 'FN', 'TP']

    for i, (cm, model_name) in enumerate(zip(confusion_matrices, model_names)):
        ax = axes[i]

        # Plot the confusion matrix without adding a colorbar
        ax.matshow(cm, cmap=plt.cm.Blues)

        thresh = cm.max() / 2.
        for j in range(cm.shape[0]):
            for k in range(cm.shape[1]):
                ax.text(k, j, f"{cm[j, k]}\n({labels[j*2 + k]})", 
                        ha="center", va="center",
                        color="white" if cm[j, k] > thresh else "black"
                       )

        ax.set_title(list(ml_models)[model_name])
        ax.set_xlabel('Predicted Label')
        ax.set_ylabel('True Label')
        ax.set_xticks(np.arange(len(['Negative', 'Positive'])))
        ax.set_yticks(np.arange(len(['Negative', 'Positive'])))
        ax.set_xticklabels(['Negative', 'Positive'], va='top')
        ax.set_yticklabels(['Negative', 'Positive'])
        ax.tick_params(axis="x", rotation=45, labeltop=False, labelbottom=True)
        ax.tick_params(axis="y", rotation=45)

    plt.tight_layout()
    print("Confusion Matrix Tables:")
    plt.show()


def roc_auc_chart(roc_auc_curve_results):
    # Initialize the plot
    plt.figure(figsize=(8, 6))

    # Plot ROC curves for each model
    for name, roc_data in roc_auc_results.items():
        fpr = roc_data["FPR"]
        tpr = roc_data["TPR"]
        plt.plot(fpr, tpr, lw=2, label=f"{name}")

    # Plot ROC curve for random guessing (diagonal line)
    plt.plot([0, 1], [0, 1], linestyle="--", color="red", lw=2, label="Random Guessing")

    # # Set labels and title
    plt.xlabel("False Positive Rate")
    plt.ylabel("True Positive Rate")
    plt.title("ROC Curve")
    plt.legend(loc="lower right")

    # Show plot
    plt.show()


ml_models = {
    "XGBoost": xgb.XGBClassifier(random_state=42),
    "LightGBM": lgb.LGBMClassifier(random_state=42)
}

ml_results_with_missing_values, roc_auc_results = get_ml_results(
    dataframe=cleaned_df, models=ml_models
)
ml_results_with_missing_values

Training Models:  50%|█████     | 1/2 [00:03<00:03,  3.17s/it]

[LightGBM] [Info] Number of positive: 28020, number of negative: 680
[LightGBM] [Info] Auto-choosing row-wise multi-threading, the overhead of testing was 0.028545 seconds.
You can set `force_row_wise=true` to remove the overhead.
And if memory is not enough, you can set `force_col_wise=true`.
[LightGBM] [Info] Total Bins 7928
[LightGBM] [Info] Number of data points in the train set: 28700, number of used features: 150
[LightGBM] [Info] [binary:BoostFromScore]: pavg=0.976307 -> initscore=3.718581
[LightGBM] [Info] Start training from score 3.718581

Training Models: 100%|██████████| 2/2 [00:05<00:00,  2.72s/it]

Performance Metrics:


roc_auc_chart(roc_auc_results)


# Confusion Matrix
plot_confusion_matrix(dataframe_results=ml_results_with_missing_values)

Confusion Matrix Tables:


clean_dataset_df = cleaned_df.copy()


# Columns to drop

"""
I am dropping these columns because they either have skewed distribution,
are highly correlated with other variables or do not have significant amount
of data to draw a conclusion from.
"""

columns_to_drop = [
    "mths_since_recent_inq",
    "mo_sin_old_il_acct",
    "il_util",
    "all_util",
    "num_tl_120dpd_2m",
    "mths_since_last_record",
    "mths_since_recent_bc_dlq",
    "mths_since_last_major_derog",
    "mths_since_last_delinq",
    "mths_since_recent_revol_delinq",
    "inq_last_12m",
    "max_bal_bc",
    "open_acc_6m",
    "open_act_il",
    "open_il_12m",
    "open_il_24m",
    "mths_since_rcnt_il",
    "inq_fi",
    "total_cu_tl",
    "total_bal_il",
    "open_rv_12m",
    "open_rv_24m",
    "emp_length_10+_years",
    "emp_length_1_year",
    "emp_length_2_years",
    "emp_length_3_years",
    "emp_length_4_years",
    "emp_length_5_years",
    "emp_length_6_years",
    "emp_length_7_years",
    "emp_length_8_years",
    "emp_length_9_years",
    "emp_length_less_than_1_year",
]

# Drop columns
clean_dataset_df = clean_dataset_df.drop(columns=columns_to_drop)
clean_dataset_df.head()


# Rows to drop

# Define the list of columns to check for null values
columns_to_check = [
    "pct_tl_nvr_dlq",
    "tot_coll_amt",
    "tot_cur_bal",
    "total_rev_hi_lim",
    "avg_cur_bal",
    "mo_sin_old_rev_tl_op",
    "mo_sin_rcnt_rev_tl_op",
    "mo_sin_rcnt_tl",
    "num_accts_ever_120_pd",
    "num_actv_bc_tl",
    "num_actv_rev_tl",
    "num_bc_tl",
    "num_il_tl",
    "num_op_rev_tl",
    "num_rev_accts",
    "num_rev_tl_bal_gt_0",
    "num_tl_30dpd",
    "num_tl_90g_dpd_24m",
    "num_tl_op_past_12m",
    "tot_hi_cred_lim",
    "total_il_high_credit_limit",
    "bc_util",
    "percent_bc_gt_75",
    "bc_open_to_buy",
    "mths_since_recent_bc",
    "num_bc_sats",
    "num_sats",
    "acc_open_past_24mths",
    "mort_acc",
    "total_bal_ex_mort",
    "total_bc_limit",
    "revol_util",
    "loan_amnt",
    "pub_rec_bankruptcies",
]

# Find rows with null values in any of the specified columns
rows_with_null = clean_dataset_df[
    clean_dataset_df[columns_to_check].isnull().any(axis=1)
]

# Store the index of rows with null values
"This could be for use later when re-adding dropped variables"
rows_to_remove_index = rows_with_null.index.tolist()

# Count the number of rows with null values
rows_to_remove_count = len(rows_with_null)

# Remove rows with null values in any of the specified columns
clean_dataset_rows_removed = clean_dataset_df.dropna(subset=columns_to_check)
clean_dataset_rows_removed.head()


# Check for null values in the DataFrame
null_values = clean_dataset_rows_removed.isnull().sum()
null_values

# Display columns with null values, if any
print("Columns with null values:")
null_values[null_values > 0]

Columns with null values:

Series([], dtype: int64)


new_df = clean_dataset_rows_removed.copy()


# Get results of all chosen models

ml_models = {
    "Logistic Regression": LogisticRegression(max_iter=1000, random_state=42),
    "Decision Tree": DecisionTreeClassifier(random_state=42),
    "Random Forest": RandomForestClassifier(n_estimators=10, random_state=42),
    "XGBoost": xgb.XGBClassifier(random_state=42),
    "LightGBM": lgb.LGBMClassifier(random_state=42)
}

ml_results, roc_auc_results = get_ml_results(dataframe=new_df, models=ml_models)
ml_results

Training Models:  80%|████████  | 4/5 [00:10<00:02,  2.14s/it]

[LightGBM] [Info] Number of positive: 26005, number of negative: 660
[LightGBM] [Info] Auto-choosing row-wise multi-threading, the overhead of testing was 0.008730 seconds.
You can set `force_row_wise=true` to remove the overhead.
And if memory is not enough, you can set `force_col_wise=true`.
[LightGBM] [Info] Total Bins 5999
[LightGBM] [Info] Number of data points in the train set: 26665, number of used features: 117
[LightGBM] [Info] [binary:BoostFromScore]: pavg=0.975248 -> initscore=3.673804
[LightGBM] [Info] Start training from score 3.673804

Training Models: 100%|██████████| 5/5 [00:12<00:00,  2.45s/it]

Performance Metrics:


roc_auc_chart(roc_auc_results)


# Confusion Matrix
plot_confusion_matrix(dataframe_results=ml_results)

Confusion Matrix Tables:


feature_engineering_df = new_df.copy()


# Outcome for stratified input
y = feature_engineering_df["outcome"]


# Stratified Sampling

ml_models = {
    "Logistic Regression": LogisticRegression(max_iter=1000, random_state=42),
    "Decision Tree": DecisionTreeClassifier(random_state=42),
    "Random Forest": RandomForestClassifier(n_estimators=10, random_state=42),
    "XGBoost": xgb.XGBClassifier(random_state=42),
    "LightGBM": lgb.LGBMClassifier(random_state=42)
}

feature_engineering_ml_results, roc_auc_results = get_ml_results(
    dataframe=feature_engineering_df, models=ml_models, stratify=y
)
feature_engineering_ml_results

Training Models:  80%|████████  | 4/5 [00:09<00:01,  1.96s/it]

[LightGBM] [Info] Number of positive: 26006, number of negative: 659
[LightGBM] [Info] Auto-choosing col-wise multi-threading, the overhead of testing was 0.020422 seconds.
You can set `force_col_wise=true` to remove the overhead.
[LightGBM] [Info] Total Bins 5989
[LightGBM] [Info] Number of data points in the train set: 26665, number of used features: 117
[LightGBM] [Info] [binary:BoostFromScore]: pavg=0.975286 -> initscore=3.675359
[LightGBM] [Info] Start training from score 3.675359

Training Models: 100%|██████████| 5/5 [00:11<00:00,  2.22s/it]

Performance Metrics:


roc_auc_chart(roc_auc_results)


# Confusion Matrix
plot_confusion_matrix(dataframe_results=feature_engineering_ml_results)

Confusion Matrix Tables:


# Adding a new feature - EMI (Equated Monthly Installments)
feature_engineering_df["EMI"] = (
    feature_engineering_df["loan_amnt"] / feature_engineering_df["term"]
)


# Stratified Sampling with annual_inc_dti_interaction Column
ml_models = {
    "Logistic Regression": LogisticRegression(max_iter=1000, random_state=42),
    "Decision Tree": DecisionTreeClassifier(random_state=42),
    "Random Forest": RandomForestClassifier(n_estimators=100, random_state=42),
    "XGBoost": xgb.XGBClassifier(random_state=42),
    "LightGBM": lgb.LGBMClassifier(random_state=42)
}

ml_results_with_EMI, roc_auc_results = get_ml_results(
    dataframe=feature_engineering_df, models=ml_models, stratify=y
)
ml_results_with_EMI

Training Models:   0%|          | 0/5 [00:00<?, ?it/s]/usr/local/lib/python3.10/dist-packages/sklearn/linear_model/_logistic.py:458: ConvergenceWarning:

lbfgs failed to converge (status=1):
STOP: TOTAL NO. of ITERATIONS REACHED LIMIT.

Increase the number of iterations (max_iter) or scale the data as shown in:
    https://scikit-learn.org/stable/modules/preprocessing.html
Please also refer to the documentation for alternative solver options:
    https://scikit-learn.org/stable/modules/linear_model.html#logistic-regression

Training Models:  80%|████████  | 4/5 [00:20<00:04,  4.66s/it]

[LightGBM] [Info] Number of positive: 26006, number of negative: 659
[LightGBM] [Info] Auto-choosing row-wise multi-threading, the overhead of testing was 0.009505 seconds.
You can set `force_row_wise=true` to remove the overhead.
And if memory is not enough, you can set `force_col_wise=true`.
[LightGBM] [Info] Total Bins 6244
[LightGBM] [Info] Number of data points in the train set: 26665, number of used features: 118
[LightGBM] [Info] [binary:BoostFromScore]: pavg=0.975286 -> initscore=3.675359
[LightGBM] [Info] Start training from score 3.675359

Training Models: 100%|██████████| 5/5 [00:21<00:00,  4.29s/it]

Performance Metrics:


roc_auc_chart(roc_auc_results)


# Confusion Matrix
plot_confusion_matrix(dataframe_results=ml_results_with_EMI)

Confusion Matrix Tables:


feature_engineering_df.drop("EMI", axis=1, inplace=True)


# Re-adding 'emp_length' variable
"Looking into the significance of emp_length to loan repayment"

'Looking into the significance of emp_length to loan repayment'


# Remove rows from df using rows_to_remove_index
emp_length_rows_removed = df["emp_length"].drop(index=rows_to_remove_index)


# Adding to df
feature_engineering_df.loc[:, "emp_length"] = emp_length_rows_removed


# Checking null values
feature_engineering_df["emp_length"].isnull().sum()

4186


# Imputing null values
feature_engineering_df["emp_length"] = feature_engineering_df["emp_length"].fillna(
    method="bfill"
)
feature_engineering_df["emp_length"].head()

0    10+ years
1    10+ years
2      3 years
3      3 years
4      3 years
Name: emp_length, dtype: object


# Checking null values
feature_engineering_df["emp_length"].isnull().sum()

0


# Replacing spaces or values
feature_engineering_df.emp_length = feature_engineering_df.emp_length.str.replace(
    "<", "less_than"
)
feature_engineering_df.emp_length = feature_engineering_df.emp_length.str.replace(
    " ", "_"
)


# Dummy encoding
feature_engineering_df = pd.get_dummies(feature_engineering_df, columns=["emp_length"])


# Stratified Sampling with emp_length columns
ml_models = {
    "Logistic Regression": LogisticRegression(max_iter=1000, random_state=42),
    "Decision Tree": DecisionTreeClassifier(random_state=42),
    "Random Forest": RandomForestClassifier(n_estimators=100, random_state=42),
    "XGBoost": xgb.XGBClassifier(random_state=42),
    "LightGBM": lgb.LGBMClassifier(random_state=42)
}

ml_results_with_emp_length, roc_auc_results = get_ml_results(
    dataframe=feature_engineering_df, models=ml_models, stratify=y
)
ml_results_with_emp_length

Training Models:  80%|████████  | 4/5 [00:21<00:05,  5.36s/it]

[LightGBM] [Info] Number of positive: 26006, number of negative: 659
[LightGBM] [Info] Auto-choosing row-wise multi-threading, the overhead of testing was 0.008321 seconds.
You can set `force_row_wise=true` to remove the overhead.
And if memory is not enough, you can set `force_col_wise=true`.
[LightGBM] [Info] Total Bins 6011
[LightGBM] [Info] Number of data points in the train set: 26665, number of used features: 128
[LightGBM] [Info] [binary:BoostFromScore]: pavg=0.975286 -> initscore=3.675359
[LightGBM] [Info] Start training from score 3.675359

Training Models: 100%|██████████| 5/5 [00:23<00:00,  4.60s/it]

Performance Metrics:


roc_auc_chart(roc_auc_results)


# Confusion Matrix
plot_confusion_matrix(dataframe_results=ml_results_with_emp_length)

Confusion Matrix Tables:


X_train, _, y_train, _ = train_test_data(
    stratify=y, dataframe=feature_engineering_df
)

# Define parameter grid
param_grid = {
    "n_estimators": [100, 200, 300],  # Number of trees in the ensemble
    "max_depth": [3, 4, 5],  # Maximum tree depth
}

# Define the scoring metrics
scoring = {
    "precision": make_scorer(precision_score),
    "recall": make_scorer(recall_score),
    "f1_score": make_scorer(f1_score),
}

# Initialize XGBoost classifier
xgb_model = xgb.XGBClassifier(objective="binary:logistic", seed=42)

# Perform GridSearchCV
grid_search = GridSearchCV(
    estimator=xgb_model, param_grid=param_grid, cv=5, scoring=scoring, refit="f1_score"
)
grid_search.fit(X_train, y_train)

# Get best model and score
best_model = grid_search.best_estimator_
best_score = grid_search.best_score_

print("Best parameters:", grid_search.best_params_)
print("Best score:", best_score)

Best parameters: {'max_depth': 3, 'n_estimators': 100}
Best score: 0.9874306957667794


# Applying the best params to the model

ml_models = {
    "XGBoost": xgb.XGBClassifier(
        max_depth=best_model.max_depth,
        n_estimators=best_model.n_estimators,
        random_state=42
    )
}

ml_results, roc_auc_results = get_ml_results(
    dataframe=feature_engineering_df, models=ml_models, stratify=y
)
ml_results

Training Models: 100%|██████████| 1/1 [00:01<00:00,  1.14s/it]

Performance Metrics:

	borrower_id	loan_amnt	term	emp_title	emp_length	home_ownership	annual_inc	outcome	purpose	addr_state	...	num_tl_op_past_12m	pct_tl_nvr_dlq	percent_bc_gt_75	pub_rec_bankruptcies	tot_hi_cred_lim	total_bal_ex_mort	total_bc_limit	total_il_high_credit_limit
0	537185.0	16075.0	60 months	NaN	NaN	MORTGAGE	50289.0	Fully Paid	home_improvement	SC	...	2.0	95.7	100.0	0.0	227376.0	15756.0	11900.0	6000.0
1	1810804.0	8000.0	36 months	Graydon Head & Ritchey LLP	10+ years	MORTGAGE	64000.0	Fully Paid	debt_consolidation	IN	...	0.0	100.0	75.0	1.0	121881.0	33618.0	13700.0	29400.0
2	388855.0	23700.0	36 months	Director of IT	3 years	RENT	88000.0	Fully Paid	debt_consolidation	FL	...	5.0	100.0	10.0	1.0	99201.0	58898.0	18700.0	69501.0
3	1137067.0	1200.0	36 months	NaN	NaN	MORTGAGE	81000.0	Fully Paid	other	NY	...	4.0	83.3	100.0	0.0	203983.0	20609.0	1100.0	26183.0
4	14585.0	3500.0	36 months	NaN	NaN	RENT	11736.0	Fully Paid	debt_consolidation	WA	...	1.0	100.0	100.0	1.0	16200.0	9459.0	2000.0	0.0

	borrower_id	loan_amnt	term	emp_title	emp_length	home_ownership	annual_inc	outcome	purpose	addr_state	...	num_tl_op_past_12m	pct_tl_nvr_dlq	percent_bc_gt_75	tot_hi_cred_lim	total_bal_ex_mort	total_bc_limit	total_il_high_credit_limit
41024	144002.0	18000.0	60 months	Community Manager	< 1 year	RENT	70000.0	Fully Paid	debt_consolidation	NY	...	1.0	100.0	33.3	33000.0	20719.0	16000.0	15000.0
41025	1903558.0	23275.0	36 months	Sandy plains baptist church	2 years	MORTGAGE	75036.0	Fully Paid	debt_consolidation	NC	...	4.0	96.0	66.7	149805.0	19222.0	18706.0	0.0
41026	333664.0	1775.0	36 months	Sales associate	7 years	RENT	25000.0	Fully Paid	small_business	NY	...	1.0	100.0	66.7	30330.0	23322.0	13300.0	15530.0
41027	1197930.0	15000.0	36 months	Professional Sales Representative	3 years	MORTGAGE	80000.0	Fully Paid	debt_consolidation	VA	...	1.0	96.7	100.0	444800.0	23436.0	18400.0	0.0
41028	1807816.0	11300.0	36 months	Signature Healthcare	1 year	RENT	90000.0	Fully Paid	vacation	MA	...	3.0	95.0	40.0	129693.0	115447.0	27800.0	100893.0

	borrower_id	loan_amnt	term	annual_inc	dti	delinq_2yrs	inq_last_6mths	mths_since_last_delinq	mths_since_last_record	open_acc	...	num_tl_90g_dpd_24m	num_tl_op_past_12m	pct_tl_nvr_dlq	percent_bc_gt_75	pub_rec_bankruptcies	tax_liens	tot_hi_cred_lim	total_bal_ex_mort	total_bc_limit	total_il_high_credit_limit
count	4.102900e+04	41006.000000	41029.000000	4.102900e+04	41029.000000	41029.000000	41029.000000	19875.000000	6816.000000	41029.000000	...	38625.000000	38625.000000	38619.000000	38919.000000	41028.000000	41029.000000	3.862500e+04	3.938000e+04	3.938000e+04	3.862500e+04
mean	1.150215e+06	16410.558211	42.305199	8.008188e+04	18.929934	0.304565	0.739428	34.447145	70.393192	11.772112	...	0.092039	2.371495	94.442378	48.894603	0.133275	0.050452	1.940012e+05	5.288437e+04	2.303843e+04	4.299258e+04
std	6.951414e+05	9760.781054	10.562763	6.165221e+04	8.563940	0.848155	1.020450	21.962064	26.656694	5.581623	...	0.514742	2.124043	8.458709	35.990546	0.378424	0.397772	1.981433e+05	5.167188e+04	2.328772e+04	4.546689e+04
min	1.900000e+01	1000.000000	36.000000	2.500000e+03	0.000000	0.000000	0.000000	0.000000	0.000000	1.000000	...	0.000000	0.000000	5.000000	0.000000	0.000000	0.000000	3.000000e+02	0.000000e+00	0.000000e+00	0.000000e+00
25%	3.969490e+05	8156.250000	36.000000	4.700000e+04	12.560000	0.000000	0.000000	16.000000	52.000000	8.000000	...	0.000000	1.000000	92.000000	16.700000	0.000000	0.000000	5.325000e+04	2.234350e+04	8.100000e+03	1.394300e+04
50%	1.214344e+06	15000.000000	36.000000	6.738800e+04	18.860000	0.000000	0.000000	31.000000	71.000000	11.000000	...	0.000000	2.000000	100.000000	50.000000	0.000000	0.000000	1.298530e+05	3.988300e+04	1.600000e+04	3.203300e+04
75%	1.816166e+06	24000.000000	60.000000	9.700000e+04	25.100000	0.000000	1.000000	50.000000	91.000000	15.000000	...	0.000000	3.000000	100.000000	80.000000	0.000000	0.000000	2.805980e+05	6.680075e+04	3.010000e+04	5.818800e+04
max	2.260416e+06	40000.000000	60.000000	3.300000e+06	49.560000	29.000000	8.000000	192.000000	120.000000	59.000000	...	29.000000	26.000000	100.000000	100.000000	7.000000	23.000000	4.475891e+06	1.924200e+06	1.105500e+06	1.027358e+06

	delinq_2yrs		pub_rec		inq_last_6mths
outcome	Defaulted	Fully Paid	Defaulted	Fully Paid	Defaulted	Fully Paid
0.0	2.38	97.62	2.39	97.61	2.22	97.78
1.0	2.87	97.13	2.83	97.17	2.50	97.50
2.0	2.59	97.41	1.88	98.12	3.12	96.88
3.0	1.00	99.00	2.27	97.73	3.08	96.92
4.0	1.75	98.25	2.78	97.22	2.95	97.05

	Model	Accuracy	Precision	Recall	F1 Score	ROC-AUC Score	Confusion Matrix
0	XGBoost	0.9736	0.974	0.9996	0.9866	0.5852	[[0, 320], [5, 11975]]
1	LightGBM	0.9739	0.974	0.9999	0.9868	0.6253	[[0, 320], [1, 11979]]

Creditworthiness¶

Contents¶

Problem Statement¶

Libraries¶

Data Collection¶

Data Cleaning - Benchmark¶

Data Exploration¶

Overview¶

Charts and Graphs¶

Univariate¶

Bivariate/ Multivariate¶

Data Preparation - Benchmark¶

Model Building - Benchmark¶

Functions for Obtaining ML Results¶

Functions for confusion matrix and roc_auc chart¶

ML Results¶

Further Preparation of Dataset - No Imputation¶

Model Building¶

Feature Engineering¶

Feature 1 - EMI¶

Feature 2 - Emp_length¶

Model Optimisation¶

Fine-Tuning¶

Summary¶

	borrower_id	loan_amnt	term	annual_inc	outcome	dti	delinq_2yrs	earliest_cr_line	inq_last_6mths	open_acc	...	addr_state_WA	earliest_cr_year
0	537185	16075.0	60	50289.0	1	12.27	0	6	0	7	...	0	2001
1	1810804	8000.0	36	64000.0	1	19.93	0	9	0	8	...	0	1998
2	388855	23700.0	36	88000.0	1	29.80	0	10	2	23	...	0	2006
3	1137067	1200.0	36	81000.0	1	12.87	1	1	0	11	...	0	2001
4	14585	3500.0	36	11736.0	1	31.39	0	5	0	7	...	1	2004

	Model	Accuracy	Precision	Recall	F1 Score	ROC-AUC Score	Confusion Matrix
0	Logistic Regression	0.9754	0.9754	1.0	0.9876	0.5918	[[0, 281], [0, 11147]]
1	Decision Tree	0.9462	0.976	0.9686	0.9723	0.5128	[[16, 265], [350, 10797]]
2	Random Forest	0.9754	0.9754	1.0	0.9876	0.5096	[[0, 281], [0, 11147]]
3	XGBoost	0.9752	0.9754	0.9998	0.9875	0.5978	[[0, 281], [2, 11145]]
4	LightGBM	0.9751	0.9754	0.9997	0.9874	0.6365	[[0, 281], [3, 11144]]

	Model	Accuracy	Precision	Recall	F1 Score	ROC-AUC Score	Confusion Matrix
0	Logistic Regression	0.9753	0.9753	1.0	0.9875	0.6031	[[0, 282], [0, 11146]]
1	Decision Tree	0.9457	0.9754	0.9688	0.9721	0.5021	[[10, 272], [348, 10798]]
2	Random Forest	0.9753	0.9753	1.0	0.9875	0.5393	[[0, 282], [0, 11146]]
3	XGBoost	0.9751	0.9753	0.9998	0.9874	0.5875	[[0, 282], [2, 11144]]
4	LightGBM	0.9752	0.9753	0.9999	0.9875	0.6272	[[0, 282], [1, 11145]]